Painworx Duopeptase

   

Per Capsule Dosage: Potency
Bromelian

YourContentHere

YourContentHere

(1000 GDU, from pineapple)
Serrazimes-1Tm (60,000 I.U. Serratia Peptidase activity)
300mg
100 mg

Indication

The most common usageof this product is threefold. First and foremost, it is used as a natural alternative to pharmaceutical anti-inflammortory drugs, to treat conditions of pain and inflammation. This includes osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, carpal tunnel syndrome, tendonitis, sports injuries and post-operative swellings. Secondarily, it is used as a treatment for respiratory tract diseases, including conditions of respiratory congestion, bronchitis, bronchial asthma and sinusitis. Finally, it is also used for conditions involving arterial plaque build-up, including atherosclerosis, phlebitis (vein inflammation) and varicose veins.

Each vegetarian capsule of Duopeptase contains two forms of protease. Proteases are a family of protein digesting enzymes that have a variety of therapeutic applications, aside from serving as a digestive aid. Proteases, derived from animal, plant and microbial sources, are used to fight inflammation, in chronic conditions such as cancer and arthritis, and in acute conditions such as sports injuries, surgery and wounds. The Serratia Protease (Serratia Peptidase) has even broader benefits including digesting non-living tissue, blood clots, cysts, fibrin and arterial plaque. These enzymes also have been used to treat respiratory tract diseases (mucolytic activity), edema, acute sinusitis and varicose veins (due to breaking down fibrin desposits).

Dosage:
Treatment of Inflammation and Pain:
one capsule of Duopeptase once or twice daily, or as recommended by a health professional, one half hour before or one hour after eating.

Treatment for aterial blockage:
one capsule three times per day on an empty stomach. If digestive disturbances should occur, stay at one capsule per day for the first week, then raise to two per day for the next week, and three per day on the third week.

Description

Duopeptase refers to itself as “Triple Strength” as compared to the original Painworks formula of 30,000 I.U. We use a double dose of the enzyme Serratia Peptidase (60,000 I.U.) in each capsule, and we have also added a full therapeutic dose of the enzyme Bromelain as well.

 

Serrazimes-1

The enzyme Serratia Peptidase is marketed under many different names, and is well researched in Europe and Japan. Most studies are based on treating pain and inflammation due to physical trauma, especially post-operative trauma (1). Additional clinical studies cover treating sinusitis, respiratory ailments and breast engorgement. A recent study out of India has confirmed its effectiveness on carpal tunnel syndrome (65% of cases showed significant clinical improvement) (2), and new studies are being performed in these areas. Serrazimes-1 is produced from fungal strains (aspergillus-the variety used to produce most digestive enzymes sold in supplemental form) with a long history of safe use.

 

Bromelain

Bromelain is often overlooked as an anti-inflammatory, yet since its introduction as a therapeutic agent in 1957, well over 200 scientific papers attesting to its effectiveness have appeared in the medical literature. Bromelain has been proven to be clinically effective in treating: pancreatic insufficiency, cellulitis, sprains, strains, contusions, sinusitis, bronchitis, degenerative bone and join diseases, tumors, allegies, and must more (3). In fact the original research done by Dr. Hans Nieper, and often quoted to support the sales of serratia peptidase products, was done with Bromelain.

Bromelain has proven useful in treating both rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and spots related injuries. One study compaired the effects of bromelain against NSAID medication for treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee. Both groups received the same benefits in pain reduction and improved mobility. We now know that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can have dangerous side effects, so Bromelain proved to be a safe and effective alternative (4).

Bromelain reduces inflammation by a process known as fibrinolysis. It does this by stimulating the production of plasmin, which breaks down fibrin deposits and prevents fibrin from producing localizing swelling. Plamin also blocks the formation of inflammatory compounds. Varicosed veins have accumulated fibrin deposits in the tissue near the veins, causing the surrounding skin to become hard and lumpy. An inability of the body to break down fibrin increases the risk of thrombophlebitis (vein inflammation), myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism and stroke.

 

Non-Enteric Coating is More Effective

Much has been made of the necessity of enteric coating protease products when they are to be used to reduce inflammation or clean out cellular debris. If we set aside the marketing hype and look at it from a scientific perspective it is fairly clear that enteric coating is not necessary. In fact, studies have indicated that non-enteric coated protease products are more effective than enteric coated ones, for treating inflammatory conditions (5,6). Basically, the first function of protease is to digest protein, so if you take these enzymes while there is protein in the stomach. that is what they will do. If there is no protein in the stomach, they will serve their secondary functions of cleaning out waste material and reducing inflammation. So when using non-enteric coated products, such as ours, simply take away from protein. We suggest they be taken on an empty stomach (half hour before eating, or one hour after eating), but really they can be taken with fruit or carbs, as long as no protein is ingested at the same time (meat, fish, poultry, eggs, cheese, tofu, tempeh).

 

Contraindications

Both Bromelain and all variations of Serratia Peptidase will increase the concentration of antibiotics in the bloodstream. While this can allow for less antibiotics to be used, if they are properly prescribed together, it can be dangerous to mix the two without professional guidance. Because Bromelain reduces blood platelet aggregation it should not be combined with blood thinning medications, again unless under the supervision of a trained professional. All protein digesting enzymes can irritate existing ulcers and should be avoided by those with stomach or intestinal ulcers. People allergic to pineapples may react poorly to Bromelain supplements. And, as a general precaution, if you are pregnant or nursing, consult with a professional before using.

 

References

1. Esch PM, Gerngross H, Fabian A. Reduction of postoperative swelling. Fortschr Med. 1989; 107 (4):67-8, 71-2
2. Dept. of Neurology, SMS Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur. A prliminary trial of serratiopeptidase in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. J Assoc Physicians India, 2000 Nov: 49 (11):1130
3. Cichoke, Dr.Anthony J: The Complete Book of Enzyme Therapy. Avery Publishing, Garden City Park, NY, 1999, pp 46,52
4. Klein, G and Kullich W: “Short-Term Treatment of Painful Osteoarthritis of the Knee With Oral Enzymes.” W Clinical Drug Investigation Jan 01,2000
5. Taussig S and Batkin S: Bromelain, the enzyme complex of pineapple and its clinical application. An update. J Ethnopharmacol 22, 191-203, 1988
6. Murray, Dr.Micheal T: The Healing Power of Herbs. Prima Publishing, Rocklin, Ca, 1995, pp 60,65,67
7. Kee, W.H., Tan, S.L., Lee, V., Salmon, Y.M., “The treatment of breast engorgement with Serrapeptase (Danzen): a randomized double-blind controlled trial.”, Singapore Med J., 1989;Feb 30:48-54.
8. Fitzhugh, D.J., et al., “Bromelain treatment decreases neutrophil migration to sites of inflammation.”, Clin Immunol, 2008 Jul;128 (1):66-74.
9. Secor, E.R., et al., “Oral Bromelain Attenuates Inflammation in an Ovalbumin-induced Murine Model of Asthma.”, Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2008 Mar;5(1):61-9.
10. Nakamura, S., et al., “Effect of the proteolytic enzyme serrapeptase in patients with chronic airway disease.”, Respirology, 2003 Sep;8(3):316-20.
11. Mazzone, A., et al., “Evaluation of serratia peptidase in acute or chronic inflammation of otorhinolaryngology pathology: a multicentre, double-blind, randomized trial versus placebo.”, J Int Med Res, 1990; Sept-Oct 18(5):379-88.
12. Walker, A.F., et al., “Bromelain reduces mild acute knee pain and improves well-being in a dose-dependent fashion in an open study of otherwise healthy adults.”, Phytomedicine, 2002 Dec;9(8):681-6.

Packaging: Packed in recyclable PETE containers to protect against oxidation.
Guaranteed Pure: Contains no added binders, fillers, extenders, or other additives.
Capsule Shell: Microcrystalline vegetable cellulose and water.

 

Leave a Comment:

avafaqifu says

At lay desire nigra, [URL=https://abbynkas.com/item/prednisone-10mg/ – prednisone 10mg[/URL – [URL=https://minimallyinvasivesurgerymis.com/order-retin-a/ – retin a buy in canada[/URL – [URL=https://transylvaniacare.org/item/lady-era/ – lady era commercial[/URL – [URL=https://bulgariannature.com/viagra-75mg/ – buy viagra uk[/URL – [URL=https://stroupflooringamerica.com/product/nizagara/ – buy nizagara from mexico[/URL – [URL=https://thecultivarte.com/item/tadapox/ – tadapox[/URL – [URL=https://abbynkas.com/item/prednisone-20mg/ – prednisone 20 without prescriptions[/URL – [URL=https://ghspubs.org/item/levitra/ – levitra generic pills[/URL – levitra [URL=https://uofeswimming.com/drugs/super-viagra/ – sildenafil[/URL – [URL=https://vowsbridalandformals.com/furosemide/ – generic furosemide uk[/URL – furosemide 100mg [URL=https://productreviewtheme.org/viagra-coupon/ – viagra 50mg[/URL – [URL=https://allwallsmn.com/product/nizagara-tablets/ – cheap 50 nizagara online[/URL – [URL= – lowest price on generic sildenafil[/URL – [URL=https://abbynkas.com/item/etizest/ – etizest without a doctors prescription[/URL – [URL=https://airjamaicacharter.com/nitrofurantoin/ – nitrofurantoin 100mg[/URL – [URL=https://airjamaicacharter.com/drugs/priligy/ – priligy canada 60 mg[/URL – [URL=https://thecultivarte.com/drugs/hydroxychloroquine-coupons/ – hydroxychloroquine 400mg[/URL – [URL=https://productreviewtheme.org/sildenafil/ – viagra.com lowest price[/URL – [URL=https://bakuchiropractic.com/retin-a/ – lowest price for retin a[/URL – [URL=https://pittmanchiro.com/drug/tadalafil/ – tadalafil 10mg[/URL – discount tadalafil [URL=https://marksgroupbd.com/retin-a/ – discount retin a[/URL – lowest price retin a [URL= – buy zanaflex online using paypal[/URL – [URL=https://mywyomingstore.com/item/nizagara/ – generic nizagara pills[/URL – [URL=https://mywyomingstore.com/retin-a/ – buy online retin-a[/URL – [URL=https://abbynkas.com/item/lasix-best-price-usa/ – lasix best price usa[/URL – [URL=https://bakuchiropractic.com/cialis/ – buy cialis no prescription[/URL – [URL=https://airjamaicacharter.com/item/prednisone/ – generic prednisone canada pharmacy[/URL – [URL=https://mywyomingstore.com/item/amoxicillin-en-ligne/ – cheap amoxicillin[/URL – facilitated carers, prednisone for sale canada pharmacy retin a generic canada lady era viagra buy nizagara from mexico tadapox capsules mexico prednisone generic levitra brand super viagra generic furosemide uk generic viagra from india nizagara tablets sildenafil buy online etizest cheap nitrofurantoin 50mg for sale online usa priligy vancouver hydroxychloroquine coupons prices for viagra retin a buy in canada tadalafil online usa discount retin a buy zanaflex free nizagara lowest price discount retin-a no prescription lasix 40mg lasix discount store cialis 2.5mg prednisone 40mg amoxicillin sentient sealed https://abbynkas.com/item/prednisone-10mg/ https://minimallyinvasivesurgerymis.com/order-retin-a/ https://transylvaniacare.org/item/lady-era/ buying lady era online https://bulgariannature.com/viagra-75mg/ https://stroupflooringamerica.com/product/nizagara/ https://thecultivarte.com/item/tadapox/ https://abbynkas.com/item/prednisone-20mg/ https://ghspubs.org/item/levitra/ https://uofeswimming.com/drugs/super-viagra/ https://vowsbridalandformals.com/furosemide/ furosemide https://productreviewtheme.org/viagra-coupon/ https://allwallsmn.com/product/nizagara-tablets/ https://abbynkas.com/item/etizest/ https://airjamaicacharter.com/nitrofurantoin/ nitrofurantoin 50mgs https://airjamaicacharter.com/drugs/priligy/ https://thecultivarte.com/drugs/hydroxychloroquine-coupons/ https://productreviewtheme.org/sildenafil/ https://bakuchiropractic.com/retin-a/ https://pittmanchiro.com/drug/tadalafil/ https://marksgroupbd.com/retin-a/ https://mywyomingstore.com/item/nizagara/ https://mywyomingstore.com/retin-a/ https://abbynkas.com/item/lasix-best-price-usa/ https://bakuchiropractic.com/cialis/ https://airjamaicacharter.com/item/prednisone/ https://mywyomingstore.com/item/amoxicillin-en-ligne/ yoga, physiological.

Reply
bonoyuz says

Skin subtract warrants flicked sildenafil lasix on line viagra buy viagra for cheap cheapest 2.5 mg cialis canada discounted albendazole for sale ed sample pack 2 no presc overnight cialis generic nizagara lowest price cialis for sell prednisone no prescription hydroxychloroquine pharmacy prices for cialis retin a buy online us ventolin levitra sildalist canada buy viagra online vidalista 20mg bactrim 480mg buy amoxicillin online hydroxychloroquine generic pharmacy cipro canadian market share propranolol generic canada sildenafil clonidine lady era canadian pharmacy cycles lowest price nizagara generic lasix in canada on line viagra cialis tablets alternativa a albendazole ed sample pack 2 no presc cialis 2.5mg nizagara uk cialis online buy prednisone without a prescription overnight hydroxychloroquine to us cialis 10mg retin a ventolin 100mcg retail price vardenafil generic sildalist price comparison on line, no prescription, viagra vidalista 40mg buy bactrim online cheap cheapest amoxicillin hydroxychloroquine pharmacy on the cheap cipro buy online canadian pharmacy propranolol cheap propranolol online viagra.com buy generic clonidine lady era online canada technetium trimesters arthroscopy, https://bakuchiropractic.com/nizagara/ https://the7upexperience.com/lasix-without-dr-prescription/ https://thecultivarte.com/drugs/viagra-25mg/ https://productreviewtheme.org/cialis-online-usa/ https://uofeswimming.com/drug/albendazole/ retail sale albendazole https://transylvaniacare.org/product/ed-sample-pack-2/ https://uofeswimming.com/drugs/cialis/ https://abbynkas.com/item/generic-nizagara/ https://bakuchiropractic.com/cialis/ https://wellnowuc.com/prednisone/ https://bhtla.com/drug/hydroxychloroquine/ https://mywyomingstore.com/pharmacy-prices-for-cialis/ https://basicpurity.com/retin-a/ https://uofeswimming.com/drugs/ventolin/ https://basicpurity.com/levitra/ https://ucnewark.com/product/sildalist/ https://airjamaicacharter.com/drugs/viagra/ https://thecultivarte.com/item/vidalista/ https://transylvaniacare.org/drugs/buy-bactrim-online-cheap/ https://the7upexperience.com/amoxicillin/ https://livinlifepc.com/drugs/hydroxychloroquine/ hydroxychloroquine https://bhtla.com/pharmacy/ https://mywyomingstore.com/item/cipro/ https://petermillerfineart.com/product/propranolol/ https://ormondbeachflorida.org/item/lowest-price-viagra/ https://ormondbeachflorida.org/clonidine/ https://sunlightvillage.org/lady-era/ paint delay!

Reply
okacbuvajxa says

Usually pressures, fistulation [URL= – generic tricor canada pharmacy[/URL – [URL=https://stroupflooringamerica.com/product/nizagara/ – nizagara online without prescription overnight[/URL – [URL=https://sunsethilltreefarm.com/item/ed-sample-pack-2/ – ed sample pack 2.com[/URL – [URL=https://trafficjamcar.com/vidalista-without-an-rx/ – vidalista canada[/URL – [URL=https://thecultivarte.com/drugs/hydroxychloroquine-coupons/ – hydroxychloroquine[/URL – [URL=https://productreviewtheme.org/nizagara/ – nizagara 50mg[/URL – nizagara [URL=https://ossoccer.org/drugs/prednisone/ – buy prednisone in canada[/URL – [URL=https://marksgroupbd.com/lasix/ – lasix on line canada[/URL – [URL=https://vowsbridalandformals.com/furosemide/ – generic furosemide uk[/URL – [URL=https://oliveogrill.com/cheap-levitra/ – best price levitra 20 mg[/URL – [URL=https://productreviewtheme.org/lowest-lasix-prices/ – lasix[/URL – [URL=https://transylvaniacare.org/kamagra/ – kamagra to buy[/URL – [URL=https://fountainheadapartmentsma.com/triamterene/ – triamterene[/URL – [URL=https://fountainheadapartmentsma.com/tadalafil/ – buy tadalafil generic shopping[/URL – [URL=https://uofeswimming.com/drug/cymbalta/ – duloxetine[/URL – [URL=https://leadsforweed.com/pill/levitra/ – 36 hour levitra buy[/URL – [URL=https://transylvaniacare.org/pill/malegra-pro/ – malegra pro online[/URL – [URL=https://mjlaramie.org/drugs/fildena/ – fildena[/URL – generic fildena uk [URL=https://alliedentinc.com/topamax/ – topamax[/URL – [URL=https://thecultivarte.com/item/viagra-buy/ – canadian drug store viagra[/URL – [URL=https://thecultivarte.com/drugs/buying-hydroxychloroquine/ – buying hydroxychloroquine[/URL – [URL=https://leadsforweed.com/viagra-50mg/ – viagra without pres[/URL – [URL=https://ucnewark.com/product/macrobid/ – get macrobid now no doctor visit[/URL – [URL=https://airjamaicacharter.com/drugs/viagra/ – viagra 100 tb[/URL – [URL=https://vowsbridalandformals.com/lyrica-commercial/ – lyrica commercial[/URL – lyrica [URL=https://marksgroupbd.com/amoxicillin/ – amoxicillin online canada[/URL – [URL=https://basicpurity.com/levitra/ – levitra generic pills[/URL – [URL=https://a1sewcraft.com/sky-pharmacy/ – cialis canadian pharmacy[/URL – fascinating supine, tricor tablets tricor tablets how to purchase nizagara find lowest price for ed-sample-pack-2 purchase vidalista without a prescription buying vidalista hydroxychloroquine online uk nizagara prednisone 10 mg without perscription lasix deutschland kaufen generic furosemide uk levitra price lasix generic kamagra canada pharmacy europe kamagra triamterene overnight where to order tadalafil on line cymbalta los angeles mastercard 20 mg levitra on line malegra pro coupon fildena best price usa buy topamax online cheap buying viagra online hydroxychloroquine viagra 50mg macrobid generic liquid viagra canadian pharmacy lyrica amoxil 500mg en pharmacie levitra buy in canada levitra cialis canadian pharmacy jaw, https://stroupflooringamerica.com/product/nizagara/ https://sunsethilltreefarm.com/item/ed-sample-pack-2/ https://trafficjamcar.com/vidalista-without-an-rx/ https://thecultivarte.com/drugs/hydroxychloroquine-coupons/ https://productreviewtheme.org/nizagara/ https://ossoccer.org/drugs/prednisone/ https://marksgroupbd.com/lasix/ https://vowsbridalandformals.com/furosemide/ https://oliveogrill.com/cheap-levitra/ https://productreviewtheme.org/lowest-lasix-prices/ https://transylvaniacare.org/kamagra/ https://fountainheadapartmentsma.com/triamterene/ triamterene price at walmart https://fountainheadapartmentsma.com/tadalafil/ https://uofeswimming.com/drug/cymbalta/ https://leadsforweed.com/pill/levitra/ https://transylvaniacare.org/pill/malegra-pro/ malegra pro coupon https://mjlaramie.org/drugs/fildena/ fildena best price usa https://alliedentinc.com/topamax/ https://thecultivarte.com/item/viagra-buy/ https://thecultivarte.com/drugs/buying-hydroxychloroquine/ https://leadsforweed.com/viagra-50mg/ https://ucnewark.com/product/macrobid/ macrobid buy https://airjamaicacharter.com/drugs/viagra/ india viagra paypal https://vowsbridalandformals.com/lyrica-commercial/ https://marksgroupbd.com/amoxicillin/ https://basicpurity.com/levitra/ https://a1sewcraft.com/sky-pharmacy/ lustre excess.

Reply
arest says

http://pravosudie.news161.ru

Правосудие Ростовской области
http://www.pravosudie.news161.ru

Reply
qehepigu says

There comorbidity, ionized reimplantation [URL=https://basicpurity.com/lasix/ – where to order lasix on line[/URL – [URL=https://basicpurity.com/retin-a/ – retin a[/URL – [URL=https://leadsforweed.com/levitra/ – levitra on line[/URL – [URL=https://thecultivarte.com/drugs/lady-era/ – lady era information[/URL – [URL=https://bakuchiropractic.com/lasix/ – lasix[/URL – [URL=https://stroupflooringamerica.com/product/nizagara/ – buy nizagara from mexico[/URL – [URL=https://productreviewtheme.org/clomid/ – low cost clomid 25mg[/URL – [URL=https://leadsforweed.com/pill/prednisone-price/ – prednisone for sale overnight[/URL – [URL=https://ormondbeachflorida.org/item/tretinoin/ – tretinoin pills[/URL – [URL=https://mjlaramie.org/product/hydroxychloroquine/ – generic no prescription hydroxychloroquine[/URL – [URL=https://mywyomingstore.com/viagra-tablets/ – viagra[/URL – [URL=https://mywyomingstore.com/item/zithromax/ – generic zithromax tablets[/URL – prices zithromax generic [URL=https://abbynkas.com/isotretinoin/ – isotretinoin price at walmart[/URL – [URL=https://thecultivarte.com/drugs/buying-hydroxychloroquine/ – hydroxychloroquine coupons[/URL – [URL= – synthroid information[/URL – [URL=https://brazosportregionalfmc.org/cialis-tadalafil-20-mg/ – cialis market[/URL – [URL=https://vowsbridalandformals.com/product/celebrex/ – celebrex[/URL – [URL=https://sci-ed.org/drugs/viagra/ – viagra online purcheses[/URL – [URL=https://airjamaicacharter.com/item/viagra/ – viagra 100mg[/URL – [URL=https://abbynkas.com/item/propecia/ – buy propecia online[/URL – [URL=https://transylvaniacare.org/drugs/finasteride-without-an-rx/ – finasteride lowest price[/URL – [URL=https://bhtla.com/propecia/ – propecia[/URL – [URL=https://marksgroupbd.com/nizagara/ – nizagara online uk[/URL – [URL=https://charlotteelliottinc.com/canadian-pharmacy/ – canadian pharmacy[/URL – [URL=https://mywyomingstore.com/retin-a/ – discounted retin-a for sale[/URL – [URL=https://cubscoutpack152.org/buy-generic-prednisone/ – buy generic prednisone[/URL – [URL=https://productreviewtheme.org/flomax/ – flomax in usa[/URL – [URL=https://eatliveandlove.com/product/furosemide/ – canadian furosemide[/URL – estimated furosemide retin a generic levitra levitra on line lady-era in amsterdam lasix 40mg nizagara clomid 100mg prix clomid no prescription prednisone price tretinoin hydroxychloroquine generic wiki viagra zithromax best price isotretinoin hydroxychloroquine synthroid cost order generic tadalafil 20mg celebrex without dr prescription usa viagra generic rx viagra 25 online propecia 5mg purchase lowest price generic finasteride online generic propecia nizagara pharmacy retin a prednisone information flomax furosemide tablets restraining behalf https://basicpurity.com/lasix/ https://basicpurity.com/retin-a/ https://leadsforweed.com/levitra/ https://thecultivarte.com/drugs/lady-era/ https://bakuchiropractic.com/lasix/ https://stroupflooringamerica.com/product/nizagara/ https://productreviewtheme.org/clomid/ https://leadsforweed.com/pill/prednisone-price/ https://ormondbeachflorida.org/item/tretinoin/ https://mjlaramie.org/product/hydroxychloroquine/ https://mywyomingstore.com/viagra-tablets/ https://mywyomingstore.com/item/zithromax/ https://abbynkas.com/isotretinoin/ https://thecultivarte.com/drugs/buying-hydroxychloroquine/ https://brazosportregionalfmc.org/cialis-tadalafil-20-mg/ https://vowsbridalandformals.com/product/celebrex/ https://sci-ed.org/drugs/viagra/ https://airjamaicacharter.com/item/viagra/ https://abbynkas.com/item/propecia/ https://transylvaniacare.org/drugs/finasteride-without-an-rx/ https://bhtla.com/propecia/ https://marksgroupbd.com/nizagara/ https://charlotteelliottinc.com/canadian-pharmacy/ https://mywyomingstore.com/retin-a/ https://cubscoutpack152.org/buy-generic-prednisone/ https://productreviewtheme.org/flomax/ https://eatliveandlove.com/product/furosemide/ reassurance separate.

Reply
Add Your Reply